He observed the traits of the plants while breeding: tall, short, purple, white, to find out which of the traits were shown in later generations. The traits that were passed down, in today's genetic terms, determine which are "Dominant" and "recessive". Mendel's contributions through experimentation changed the world's knowledge of inheritance, and his findings are implemented today.
These genetics models determine everything about humans as well. The height and color of pea plants are just the beginning: they translate to the height, skin color, and overall genetics of each human being and their offspring.
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